English speeches Essay

Reading selectively or extensively Honorable judges, good morning/afternoon .I am glad to stand here and give you a short speech .Today my topic is reading selectively or extensively .I deeply hope you will like it. As we all know, reading is a tradition inherited from ancient society which has a long history. Whether to read selectively or extensively has been a common question discussed by people from very ancient time. Some people tend to choose to read selectively. Having received a book they waited for a long time, they will get started reading this book with a devout heart. What they commonly do is to dead between the lines. Of course this has its own advantages. A selective reading can contribute to a better understanding of the whole book. Furthermore, when you analyze the passage, chances are that you may have the same sympathetic visage with the author, that is, you are going into the scene that the author endeavoring to describe to all readers, which is quite a sense of achievement. On the contrary, other people prefer to read extensively rather than selectively. They are not satisfied to read just several books due to what they want is a substantial number of various books. Opinion they hold is that extensive reading is beneficial to broaden the horizons. After reading a large quantity of books, their experiences are enriched, their thoughts are more specific, their minds are more mature. So to speak, extensive reading plays a vital important role in their growth. There are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people’s eyes. Owing to different people all have their different characteristics, people’s choices are made differently. Choosing to read selectively or extensively doesn’t mean you are true or false, what matters is whether you have chosen the choice which just properly fits yourself. That’s all. Thank you for listening. On trying to renew knowledge Honorable judges, good morning/afternoon .I am glad to stand here and give you a short speech .Today my topic is on trying to renew knowledge. I deeply hope you will like it. As the famous saying goes:† Knowledge is power.†, knowledge existed and it is inherited up till now from very ancient time. So to speak, when human beings came into being, knowledge came into being. However, at the same time, between knowledge there are both essence as well as dross. That means what we need to do now is trying to renew knowledge.  From my point of view, this process can be a complicated one. First of all, it’s of vital importance for us to sharpen our eyes to distinguish the essence and dross in knowledge, which plays a significant role in the process. Second, it matters that we ought to do it neither reluctantly nor with a special purpose. That is, on trying to renew knowledge, we should take it in accordance with its natural tendency following the development of the whole society. Last but not least, receiving enough knowledge and keeping pace with the development of culture and civilization is the final step of the process. Renewing knowledge is not a realistic process but should be done in the practical way. On trying to renew knowledge, we may undergo troubles from work and life, misunderstanding from family and friends, difficulties and frustrations from the process its own. However, never giving in to it is just the right choice. Difficult and complicated as it may be, if we don’t realize the importance of renewing knowledge, we may never do a proper job on trying to renew knowledge. That’s all. Thank you for your listening. Online shopping Honorable judges, good morning/afternoon .I am glad to stand here and give you a short speech .Today my topic is online shopping. I deeply hope you will like it. With the development of science and technology, online shopping is becoming more and more popular between young people. Because of its convenience and efficiency as well as high qualities bargains, young people tend to conduct online shopping more instead of shopping in practical malls. Having chosen commodities they want to buy and do some clicks randomly, what they need is just to wait at home and the express delivery companies will bring it to your house. Online shopping is just a symbol of social progress , which shows the development of people’s living standard secondhand. On the contrary, online shopping certainly has its disadvantages. For instance, all processes are completed on the Internet while we couldn’t see the exact commodity on our eyes, which may result in counterfeit articles. What’s worse, owing to the uncertainty of the Internet, there may be a substantial number of hoaxes you can’t even realize waiting for you, making you break the bank for the worst result. In brief, it’s of vital importance for us to improve our security awareness and take  some protective measures in the meantime when conducing online shopping. After this specific analysis, we can draw the conclusion that when it comes to online shopping, we must take its merits as well as demerits into consideration. Advantages and disadvantages as it may have, if we only treat this problem from one hand, the result we get might not impartial. Indeed, online shopping is of great benefit to our life if we can use it properly and consequently it can lead to our society becoming more harmonious, that is, online shopping can a thrust to the progress of the whole human society. That’s all. Thank you for your listening. Advantages and disadvantages of the cell phone Honorable judges, good morning/afternoon .I am glad to stand here and give you a short speech .Today my topic is advantages and disadvantages of the cell phone. I deeply hope you will like it. With the development of science and technology and the remarkable improvement of people’s living standard, cell phone is a common commodity appearing in people’s life. In the meantime, cell phone also brings some unexpected advantages and disadvantages. When it come to cell phone’s advantages, we can list as follows. It’s obvious that it can provide us with plenty of convenience and efficiency, which disposes many troubles caused by distance. Thanks to cell phone, nowadays we just contact with family and friends at anytime and anywhere we like. Furthermore, activities such as surfing the Internet, listening to music, watching TV dramas and so on are conducted portably on the cell phone instead of the computer. Recently, many cell phones are used as wallets owing to advanced information technology. However, from another perspective, every coin has its two sides, cell phone also has its inevitably disadvantages. For instance, the ring of cell pone may have a bad effect on others, which makes them distracted and disturbed. What’s worse, over using your cell phone means wasting your time, contributing to a negative and pessimistic attitude. Last but not least, you may tend to decrease your time for exercising and taking part in various activities so as to play on your cell phone, which not only is bad for your health, but also does great harm to your work and study. In conclusion, cell phone and even everything have their own advantages and disadvantages. What we should do is to take an impartial attitude towards it. Never shut the door against  it nor extremely indulge in it. Only when we truly follow this can we make a full use of it. That’s all. Thank you for your listening. No man is rich enough to buy back his past Honorable judges, good morning/afternoon .I am glad to stand here and give you a short speech .Today my topic is no man is rich enough to buy back his past. I deeply hope you will like it. When we were children, we were told that when we had done something wrong we should never regret it because no man is rich enough to buy back his past. As I am growing more mature , I gradually understand the true meaning of this saying. As the famous saying goes: where there is a will, there is a way. That is, if you can spare no effort to achieve your original goal, no matter whether you can reach it, you will get a sense of achievement because of your effort. It’s the process that you are making effort rather than the final result that really matters. Consequently, there is no need for you to regret an it’s just a waste of time to do that. In our lifelong time, we can’t avoid facing difficulties and frustrations, which are once coped with improperly only resulting in because you can never buy back the past and experience once again. What you can do is merely to cherish every moment you are undergoing and make the most of them. Eating, sleeping, studying, exercising, these unimpressive daily events just consist of our daily life. Only after earnestly going though every step of life can you never need to buy back your past. From another perspective, if you only indulge in regretting what you‘ve done, you may gradually lose heart and interest to live happily. What’s worse, your body is unhealthy, your mind is distracted, your life is irregular. It not only does harm to you physically, but also has a negative impact on your psychology. Life is not plain sailing all the time, we have to deal with numerous troubles. Meanwhile, we will undergo feelings as happy as well as angry, but never regret because no man is rich enough to buy back his past. That’s all. Thank you for your listening.

Waste Recycling And Its Implementation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Supply concatenation direction is the organisation and coordination of a complex web of activities involved in deliver a completed merchandise to the end-user. It is a really important concern procedure and map includes sourcing and natural stuffs to the warehouse, roll uping merchandises and fabrication, trailing, and storage, distribution through the different channels and delivered to the end-users. Supply concatenation construction based on the internal undertaking, and external providers, and external distributers, every bit good as clients. Firms may be associates of multiple supply ironss at one clip. The coordination and direction is extra complicated by the worldwide participants spread across many clip zones and geographic boundaries. The direction of a supply concatenation is in add-on influenced by client chances, authorities ordinance, the environment, globalisation, and competition and information engineering. Turning urbanisation and alterations in the paradigm of life, give to coevals of lifting measures of wastes and it ‘s at the present going one more menace to our already degraded milieus. However, in current old ages, waste to energy expertness have been developed to turn out clean energy back and forth the burning of municipal solid waste in specially designed power flora equipped with the most modern-day pollution control equipment to spotless emanations. Yet, difficult waste direction patterns are different for developed and lifting states. In developing states similar to Pakistan, establishments exciting with the duty to make determinations on solid waste organisation, operate in the immense information, policy and program vacuity and deficiency so the capableness to this looming environmental catastrophe. Early successes in Pakistan ‘s put to deathing its National protection Strategy, advancement has caught up due to institutional dislocation on the portion of the disposal policies and patterns. In add-on to govern ineffectualness and dishonesty, Pakistan has non funded environmental protection labours adequately. A January 2000 history released by the office of Environment showed so as to Pakistan presently spends about $ 17 million per twenty-four hours on pollution-related onslaught, though, $ 84 million is needed to rectify the state ‘s environmental jobs, and $ 1.8 billion per twenty-four hours in added wellness attention disbursals stem from pollution-connected causes. A demand of support is obvious in Pakistan ‘s environmental protection labours. The former authorities cited deficiency of money as the ground for armed robbery in set uping the Pakistan milieus Protection Council, an ecological protection watchdog group so as to the authorities had agreed to set up several old ages before ( but merely late recognized ) . However, the SDPI has estimated so as to the authorities allocates now 0.04 % of the entire public division development plan fiscal program on the environment, and 70 % of the money for environment are loans as of foreign loaners. Pakistan ‘s attempt to raise the living rules of its citizens has destined that economic development has chiefly taken precedency over ecological issues. Unbridled employ of risky chemicals, and industrial action has contributed to a figure of environmental and wellness jeopardies. A great trade of the state suffers as of a deficiency of drinkable H2O owing to industrial waste and undeveloped flux off that contaminates imbibing irrigate supplies. Poverty and far above the land population growing have aggravated, and to a certain extent, caused, these ecological jobs though Pakistan is renowned for its ton scopes and countries of unhurt wilderness, the state approved statute law to protect its milieus merely in the history 10 old ages.1.2 Problem StatementThe sensed consciousness and importance of waste recycling and it execution in Pakistan1.3 Research Hypothesis:Null hypothesis: The mean difference of overall sensed importance of waste direction and its execution is zero. ( md =0 ) H1: Perceived consciousness and importance of corporate societal duty is every bit considered and implemented in Waste direction. H2: Perceived consciousness and importance of waste recycling planning is every bit implemented in Waste direction. H3: Perceived consciousness importance of international criterions is every bit implemented in Waste direction. H4: Perceived consciousness and importance of clip ingestion factor is every bit implemented in Waste direction. H5: Perceived consciousness and importance of cost efficiency factor is every bit implemented in waste direction. H6: Perceived consciousness and importance of instruction and preparation of employees is every bit implemented in waste direction1.4 Outline of the surveySmall measure of natural modesty direction over many being and go oning high population expansion has had a negative clang on Pakistan ‘s environment. Undeveloped flux off caused by go oning deforestation — and industrial surplus have polluted H2O commissariats, and mill and agencies of transit emanations have degraded air quality in the metropolis centres. Similar to other different developing states, Pakistan has given particular attending on accomplishing self-adequacy in nutrient production, garnering energy demands, and incorporating its high velocity of population growing rather than on restricting taint or other environmental jeopardies. As a emerald concerns have non been the authoritiess top chief concern. Yet, as Pakistan ‘s metropoliss undergo from the effects of atmosphere pollution and unplanned grow ing has caused debasement, ecological issues have become most of import. Safeguarding public wellness, every bit good as conserving Pakistan ‘s usual admirations, has made ecological protection progressively of import. In an effort to reinstate the old heedlessness to the state ‘s lifting environmental jobs, in 1992 the disposal issued its National Conservation Report ( NCSR ) exactness Pakistan ‘s environmental wellness, its sustainable ends, and feasible docket options for the hereafter by agencies of the National Conservation Goals. Formation on the Pakistan Environmental defence Regulation of 1983, the NCSR set three ends for the state ‘s ecological protection attempts: protection of natural resources, indorsement of sustainable growing and betterment of competency in the usage and organisation of resources. Fourteen agenda countries were targeted for chief concern execution, including energy efficiency betterments, renewable resource growth/deployment, pollution avoidance/reduction, urban waste direction, institutional hold up of common resources, and add-on of population and ecological plans. Introducing EIA civilisation in a state like Pakistan was a difficult and disputing undertaking chiefly when the environmental establishments were weak and consciousness degree was near to the land. It is rather encouraging so as to now the EIA procedure has in advancement to get down in the province in an organized mode. Integration of ecological concerns in assorted disposal policies has been ensured. Any new strategy before it is accepted has to go through from side to side a procedure of EIA, which has become distant, more rigorous. Public part has been made obligatory for EIA assessment. The media has turn out to be rather witting of the world and any new undertaking that is recognized rises concerns either as of the public sector or private division. However there is motionless a demand for development and get the better ofing the reasonable restraints. There are uncomplete capacities and capablenesss of legion bureaus responsible for protecting milieus in relation to the appra isal of the Initial Environmental trial or Environmental Impact Assessment information for new development undertakings. There have been about no readying plans for the individuals accountable for the rating of IEE/EIA information. Recycling is an thought based on do-gooders and common sense. The undertaking reflects the group of industry towards future constructs of recycling in Pakistan papers market. Merely 50 % ( approx ) paper is shaped by restricted industries of which 20 % is used. The remainder 30 % is imported from dissimilar states similar to Indonesia ( 70 % ) . Pakistan ‘s constabularies does non let bring in of recycle paper. Therefore 35 % virgin paper is imported. 80 % paper recycled in Pakistan is virgin papers therefore provide paper recycling an advantage to provide quality merchandises to the restricted market at highly inferior monetary values. The job of greening supply concatenation is critical for the successful execution of industrialised ecosystems and industrial environmentalism. From an organisational and environmental position, it is important to understand the fortunes and what jobs exist in this field of research. Green supply refers to the method in which inventions in supply concatenation direction and fabrication buying may be careful in the context of the environment.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWIn today ‘s scenario companies can non disregard ecological issues. Increasing authorities regulation and stronger community authorizations for environmental answerability have been brought into these issues keen on the executive suite, and on strategic planning dockets. On the same juncture, companies are incorporating the supply concatenation processes to take down disbursals and better service clients. These two tendencies are non independent, companies have to affect providers and buyers to acquire together and even exceed the environmental chance of the clients and the authoritiess ( Baumol, 1997 ) . The supply concatenation has been traditionally distinguishable as a one manner, integrated fabrication procedure in which natural stuffs are converted into terminal finished merchandises, after that delivered to clients. The supply concatenation includes merely those behaviours associated with fabrication, as of natural stuff acquisition to concluding manufactured goods bringing. However, due to recent altering environmental supplies impacting fabrication operations, lifting attending is given to turning environmental direction ( EM ) tactics and schemes for the supply concatenation. Several researches have investigated legion countries like Ecological factors taking to the growing of an comprehensive environmental supply concatenation, the fundamental differences between the drawn-out supply concatenation and the conventional supply concatenation, The added challenges presented by the extension Presents public presentation events appropriate for the comprehensive supply concatenation. Develops a cosmopolitan process towards accomplishing and keeping the emerald supply concatenation ( Dinan, 1992 ) . The number of organisations contemplating the combination of environmental patterns lament on the strategic programs and every twenty-four hours operations is continuously increasing. Many enterprises have provided incentives for organisations to turn out to be more environmentally benign. Number of these ordinance ambitious plans are compulsory, although progressively legion voluntary environmental plans are excessively introduced by organisations. Organizations view legion of these environmental plans, which may consist technological and organisational development undertakings, as likely options for in front or keeping a competitory benefit. One environmental plan part that continues to derive in importance is one so as to focal points on the external relationships between organisations ( Joseph, 2002 ) . There is a turning demand for incorporating environmentally noise picks into supply concatenation direction research. The literature illustrates that a wide frame of mention for green supply-chain direction is non adequately urbanised. Regulative organic structures that devise ordinances to run into communal and ecological concerns to do easy growing of concern and economic system excessively suffer from its nonattendance. A compendious classification to assist academicians, research workers and practicians in sympathetic incorporate green supply concatenation as of a wider position is wanted. Further, sufficient text is available to deserve such categorization ( Sarivastava, 2007 ) . The job of greening supply concatenation is critical for the successful execution of industrialised ecosystems and industrial environmentalism. Scholars have argued so as to waste and emanations caused by the supply concatenation have become the major beginnings of serious environmental immoralities including planetary heating and acidic rain. Organizations have a ground for implementing these green supply concatenation policies, from reactive narrow grounds, to proactive planned and competitory benefit grounds. From an organisational and environmental position, it is important to understand the fortunes and what jobs exist in this field of research ( Edward, 1979 ) . The thought of supply ironss and supply concatenation direction is a relatively recent managerial regulation. The subject has evolved from beginnings including buying, advertisement, logistics, and operations direction. The issues include direction of stock list, customer-supplier relationships, merchandise growing, and buying. The supply concatenation encompasses each activity associated with the transmutation of goods and flow of natural stuffs, to the consumer. Material and information flow both upward and downward the supply concatenation ( Sarkis, 1995 ) . In this history, the supply concatenation is considered to be a additive process. The round and cosmopolitan doctrine of â€Å" bionetwork † thought is non openly included. Therefore, as of this text edition position, the add-on of the full cyclical supply concatenation is non considered to its definition. Number of text editions seems to diverge to this definition. This little case is model of common apprehension among this comparatively new hayfield. Developments in greening supply ironss have yet to scatter through the general text. Even though this is relatively anecdotal speculation, integrating of greening supply ironss into academic or educational survey has up till now to be to the full realized. Past patterns in this country seems to be as irregular and diverse as the grazing land of survey, with emerald supply ironss severely and/or unpredictably adept and investigated ( Galle, 1997 ) . Green supply refers to the method in which inventions in supply concatenation direction and fabrication buying may be careful in the context of the environment. A green supply concatenation organisation consists of the buying map ‘s engagement in behaviour that includes decline, recycling, re-consume and the permutation of stuffs. The construct of Green supply concatenation could be defined as the improving and monitoring environmental public presentation in the supply concatenation ( McIntyre and Pretlove ) . The word supply concatenation describes the system of providers, distributers and clients. It besides includes transit among the consumer and the provider, the environmental effects of the researching, fabrication, hive awaying, transporting, and devouring a merchandise, as disposing of the merchandise waste, be required to be good thought-out ( Lamming and Hampson ) . The intent of Green supply ironss from reactive monitoring of cosmopolitan environmental direction plans to extra proactive patterns such as the R ‘s of ecological direction and integrating â€Å" inventions † , excessively seem to be different. This deficiency of pattern and definition of green supply concatenation is non amazing, as its initial elements of concern environmental direction and supply concatenation direction are both relatively fresh countries of survey ( Johnson and Wang ) . The public presentation measuring system may be sole to every unit within an organisation or single organisation. These surveies decisions associated to the systems including and public presentation measuring: public presentation measuring systems may hold besides touchable or intangible steps with the same of every bit types used to mensurate public presentation, steps should be dynamic and present at different degrees, merchandises and procedures have to be included, systems and steps are best developed with a squad scheme with links to derivation from and corporate scheme, system should hold effectual internal and external communications, genuineness for consequences must be clearly be assigned and understood, systems have to supply brainpower to the determination shapers and non merely roll up informations, and the system must be capable of associating compensation, wagess, and public presentation measuring. It has besides been disputed that public presentation measuring have to turn to public presentation direction, where the organisation develops the ability to utilize public presentation measuring consequences and organisational construction to in world bring about alteration in the organisation ( Gupta, 1995 ) . We live in an epoch of intensifying environmental consciousness, where recycling of waste stuffs takes on an increasing graduated table and in about every part of the civilisation. Recycling has normally occurred because it has been efficient and economical. From the 1970s and onwards, though, the perceptual experience in modern-day rich societies has been that there must recycle even more, something that is articulated by bing or proposed difficult waste statute law. In Sweden, 1994, the manufacturer incrimination regulation has governed the digest and recycling of packaging resources, newspaper, autos and tyres. Furthermore, environmental legislators in legion European states require so as to a bulky portion of the waste paper flow should be recycled reasonably than deposited in landfills. The European merger uses the same arrange of disposition in its directives for waste. The good direction of waste has more than a few facets: political, communal, environmental, fiscal and profic ient. The aims of waste organisation policy differ small from province to state, the methods must be modified to the predominating state of affairs in each. These factors include the easiness of usage of proficient, fiscal, and human resources, peculiarly in developing states there is no individual correct technique to accomplish proper waste organisation. Nevertheless there are ordinary demands that have to be addressed by all states so as to wish to pull off wastes improved. It is excessively necessary to foretell how the present fortunes finding alteration, and to acknowledge appropriate methods to guarantee so as to what should be done with waste is done. As calculating the natural universe and measure of waste that finding arise in the chance is hard, a managerial mechanism is needed to do certain the regular supply of awake-to-date information ( Roberts and Bacon, 1997 ) . There is an anxiousness of who should be accountable for environmental issues in buying. Questions in past researches was whether it is most first-class to do a company ‘s buying subdivision responsible for pull offing the ecological public presentation of the supply concatenation. Since there are accountable for cost, release, and excellence issues, is it pale to add another degree of duty to this intent ( particularly with the organisation of ecological studies of providers ) . An reply, aid to better provider environmental public presentation rather than measuring it ( Osborn, 1997 ) . Balancing economic and environmental public presentation has turn out to be progressively important for organisations confronting competitory, regulative and community force per unit areas. With increased force for environmental sustainability, it is anticipated that endeavors were need to put to death schemes to diminish the environmental impacts of services and merchandises. To put up environmental image, endeavors have to re-evaluate the intent of concern. Success in turn toing environmental points may provide new gate-way for competition, and new ways to add importance to core concern plans. Approaches, such as cleansing agents, eco-efficiency, environmental, and production direction systems, have been implemented for green direction patterns ( Murphy and Braunschweig, 1996 ) The developed and production map ‘s place in corporate environmental has been good addressed in the content. The internal supply concatenation ‘s public presentation can paramount be managed within this intent. Since figures of reappraisals on environmentally cognizant fabricating have been finished, therefore the centre has been drawn on a few of the chief rules in this intent ( Murphy, 1995 ) . An issue at this clip is whether employees are competent of doing environmental determinations. What happens to liability and concern hazard when such antiphonal and sometimes technically many-sided issues are portion of the ecological determinations? Similar to excellence control, which has evolved to include everybody in an organisation, be able to environmental determinations be allowed to inculcate? These inquiries are unsafe since employee engagement is a pattern so as to research workers and practicians believe are in-between to pollution bar in the production intent ( Kitazawa, 1999 ) . In a survey of automotive maker ‘s employee engagement in ecological determinations was emphasized. Other than, even with this emphasis, findings showed that the sum of worker part was much fewer than the supposed engagement as mentioned by direction. It was found so as to inadequate proficient expertness in ecological issues was one cause for limited worker part. This survey besides points to a better significance of worker engagement, peculiarly when it comes to ecological issues. â€Å" Contribution † can run from seting an point keen on a reclaimable bin to part on a design for milieus undertaking ( Rothenberg 1999 ) . Loop fabrication is individual of the internal steps which can be used to acquire better the environmental public presentation of the interior supply concatenation. Drives closed-loop developed pattern. Closed fabrication is a process of bring forthing merchandises with no negative environmental clang. Currently, a great trade of the accent on cringle fabrication is on growing of back uping engineering. This internal cringle facilitates to decrease some waste streams that flow as of the production map, but require extra energy and capital to map and maintain. As fraction of the doctrine closed-loop developed a related issue to the emanations doctrine is replaceability, which has turn out to be much more popular with program for the milieus linkages. The finding of life series impacts of these replacements is still a hard proposition. The survey of pull offing in these milieus seems to be about non-existent. As of a research position this is individual of the more skill and tool goade d maps of the green supply concatenation ( Handfield and Melnyk, 1997 ) . Sing to green logistics, consequence on the public presentation of conveyance provider that are indirectly and in a consecutive line connected to provide concatenation. Canal power affects the strategic centre the whole supply concatenation, and as a consequence, the manner that conveyance is planned all through the supply concatenation. Geographic scattering has a direct consequence on the environmental and fiscal public presentation of the supply concatenation, in sight of the fact that the more physical dispersed is the supply concatenation, likely the uppermost of the internal and external disbursals of conveyance. though, there should be wonts of palliating that negative consequence of geographical scattering on the sustainable public presentation of conveyance and supply concatenation, such as the perpendicular and horizontal add-on of conveyance flows, so logistics add-on is the 3rd although non least of import issue that has a important consequence on supply-chain public pres entation. Though, it is important to happen out the consequence of integrating on green logistics public presentation ( Kitazawa and Sarkis, 1999 ) In an unadulterated thin supply concatenation nil stock lists and no loose. Several writers include taking off of waste and pull strategy as a strategic bend-thinking characteristic. This represent a parallel job as clip denseness nowadayss, since there can be multi-objective jobs among transport optimisation and stock list lessening. Consequently, it is important to put up how an stock list decrease scheme beneath a pull system can achieve its chief aim, and nevertheless clip, relieve its negative consequence on Green Logisticss and conveyances public presentations. It can be argument that thin developed has a constructive consequence on the environment, since its most of import focal point is on waste minimisation. On the extra manus, there are certain restraints that need to be taken into account to detect out whether or non bend-thinking has an optimistic impact on the overall green supply concatenation public presentation. ‘Modeling, program, and depth psychology of the tr aditional supply concatenation have chiefly on optimising the procurance of stuffs as of providers to the distribution of goods to clients ( Bruce and Daly, 2004 ) . The contentions in emerald selling and client dealingss are whether client attending in environmentally sound merchandises relates to existent purchase. Assorted surveies have exposed that involvement is normally senior than existent bargain. This statement is able to be made for either single clients or corporate and industrial purchasers. Even although this issue has been exposed to be single client phenomena the extension to concern purchasers needs a more entire rating ( Guide and Srivastava, 1997 ) . Lot of bookmans has looked at this job, but it is still a point of statement. In attempt, there argued that consumers and business-to-business clients have likewise attitudes, existent public presentation, and sympathetic of buying green merchandises. It Argue that concern consumers are more witting of environmental and green merchandises issues and features than single clients. Whether or non these client groups have tantamount degrees and apprehension of ecological issues with respect to buying merchandises were influence managerial selling schemes and patterns ( Dinan, 1992 ) . The logistics system and its readying are two of the extra strategic issues confronting logistics directors in this intent. Many determinations need to be made with expression upon to the house ‘s market, client, merchandise and logistical capital. Examples of characteristic logistics determinations comprise options such as direct bringing or hub-and-spoke, cardinal shop or distributed system, intermodal or individual signifier, and 3rd party services. some of the design and direction standard that support environmental readying in this country include less cargos, less intervention, shorter motions, extra direct paths, and improved infinite use. Other than, each of these issues includes trade-offs among release clip, reactivity, excellence and cost, every bit same as ecological public presentation ( McIntyre and Pretlove, 1998 ) . Most public regarded packaging as bad for the milieus, there still take packaged over loose options when purchasing. Up till now, grounds has shown to some companies, after transfusing extra environmentally preferred packaging, had additions portions in market. This issue relates to client attitudes and behaviour. Whether these state of affairss are appropriate to industrial purchasers and trade is another job. A survey of ecological packaging and its power on industrial purchasing is an issue so as to hold non received much notice. Although some issues pertinent to buying pattern after manner of packaging Torahs have been shared ( Walton and Melnyk, 1998 ) . Rearward logistics as an environmentally watchful attack by incorporating resource decrease contrary distribution. Change by reversal logistics is the return, ensuing from recycling, or disposal by agencies of the minimisation of waste which contains in more efficient mode and change by reversal distribution procedures. Change by reversal logistics operations comprise the undermentioned major ladder: aggregation, division, compaction or disassembly, transitional dispensation, bringing and add-on. The operational emphasis is dependent on the sort of stuff or constituent so as to flows in the contrary logistics canal. For illustration, disassembly were be necessary for transcript machines, while fictile bottles need compaction. Change by reversal logistics is a cardinal proficiency that does non be in most alone equipment makers and organisations, outsourcing to 3P logistics forte companies to flux operations in this intent have become really well-liked. The growing of such 3rd party p roviders may provide possible competition to original equipment makers, if these contrary logistics organisations make a determination to remanufacture and remanufacture merchandises ( Dunn, 1995 ) . In a survey of industrial location networking ‘s influence on economic systems in ecological organisation, Scholars found that these tactics and schemes can assist organisations derive environmental cost nest eggs. Such nest eggs patent in the signifier of fewer expensive environmental direction communications and services, decreased incidence and strength of land-use struggles, and an improved ability on the fraction of the public division to implement environmental system. Consequently, close and inter-firm webs could be a method to assist little organisations turn out to be more effectual environmental associates. The usage of eco-manufacturing Parkss and authorities sponsored waste exchange plans as techniques to help the connexion between little and large companies. Another move toward is to help little companies is from side to side mentoring plans from big companies. Eloquent that there is a difference between large and little corporation ‘s engagement and credence of green supply concatenation rules is one job for probe. One more, of import issue is formative demands and patterns help little makers become extra involved in this process ( Sarkis, 1999 ) . The survey of industry differences in green supply concatenation processs and patterns is a concern that has been observed in every of the maps have found fabrication differences in how organisations fit in environmental scheme. Part of the ground is to portion the same stakeholders that put force. The troubles of widening this type of depth psychology to green supply concatenation investigate are the heterogeneousness of providers and customarily in the supply concatenation. That is, it is difficult to merely hold a supply concatenation made up of substance industry companies, for case. The influences of NGO ‘s, adept organisations and extra stakeholders on green supply concatenation direction pattern may be investigated, when fabrication features are to be evaluated ( Guide and Srivastava, 1997 ) . To organize such an association such that ecological liabilities are minimized, is a job. These organisations are destined to organize and fade out fast. Responsibility for some environmentally malignant behaviour by the corporation or its members may give unanticipated liabilities and punishment, with duties of this behaviour hard to pull. Having an initial ecological scheme, which direct the formation and operations of this association, is non normally individual of the concerns of organizing these types of organisations. In this instance larn, â€Å" win-come first † chances did look to populate, these chances are fewer and less as the organisation matures. How to continue and build on these patterns for ecological and economic sustainability is one more issue ( Carter and Ellram, 1998 ) . It has been argued that corporate environmental plans work most first-class when there are fraction of a strategic plan and vision. up till now, when covering with supply ironss, with a assortment of grades of providers to many likely degrees of clients, the supply concatenation ( in general ) and the environmental supply concatenation ( in demanding ) are merely as high-quality, particularly in conditions of shuting the supply concatenation cringle. The power of changing corporate environmental schemes and where at that place live on the environmental program and behavior scope on the supply concatenation wants to be investigated ( Hanna and Newman, 1995 ) . Strategic corporate public presentation dealingss are the consideration of ready public presentation measurings for green supply ironss. Performance capacity has been urbanized for intents of pull offing the assorted basicss of the supply concatenation. Many of these events are clip and cost based. The employ of public presentation steps finding be used for pull offing every of the maps and basicss. The short-word focal point of these steps finding makes it hard as of a greening position. In information, there is even a end to travel farther than simple greening events to sustainability public presentation steps, integrating other socially tilting factors ( Murphy and Braunschweig, 1996 ) . Arises for the overall green supply concatenation direction strategy is the dynamic natural universe of the merchandise life rhythm and its deductions on the assortment of patterns. Academics has argued that the managerial accent on which maps it develops and ropes in the green supply concatenation is dependent on the merchandise life rhythm, whether the goods is in the early freshness phases or adulthood or diminution phases, whether the association is seting more emphasis on the procurance phase ( choosing suited sellers ) or on rearward logistics ( adequate merchandise and material exist for well-organized contrary logistics channels ) . Therefore, the issue at this clip is that organisations be aftering for a long -term green supply ironss need to be witting of the necessary supplies for beef uping the supply concatenation as it matures ( Sarkis, 1999 ) . In any city it is possible to tie in the criterion of waste organisation with the overall â€Å" normal of life † enjoyed by its dwellers. Increasing outlooks of environmental betterment denote that disposal installations have to be suitably designed, engineered and managed. The preparation of a thorough and effective program is a drawn-out occupation if done manually, and the conversation introduces the benefits that are able to be obtained from the employ of computing machine theoretical accounts to assist, but non set back, human engagement in the preparation of a program. Short mention were be made to blow direction theoretical accounts by now used by waste directors to make and update tactics ( Edward, 1979 ) . The issues associating to mounting solid waste are fast geting mammoth size in the lifting states of Asia. The bulk of the states, yet, continue to chiefly focus on on accomplishing high economic expansion and pay light attending to blow organisation. This article takes a elaborate expression on the insufficiencies of waste organisation in Asia and underscores that requires for greater international assignment in undertaking the menace. In this background, the factors behind lifting trade in reclaimable wastes linking Asiatic states and founds that the inauspicious economic and ecological impacts ensuing from such trade far outweigh the announced advantages ( Baumol, 1997 ) . Few factors require to be considered while environmental analysis. Nature ‘s cost- consequence of chemicals and risky waste on dirt and H2O fortunes. Animals- chemicals on wildlife and grocery rhythms. Waste accretion strains micro-organisms and is a good extension country for vectors e.g. mosquitoes. Annihilation of the beauty and composure of the universe. Fiscal system- the long term properties of waste on the milieus are difficult to see accordingly it is much easier to disregard our waste now and leave the chance coevals to literally pay out the monetary value ( Angell, 1999 ) . We throw off many things every twenty-four hours runing as of ordinary trash to old packaging, cleaning resources and many dissimilar sorts of debris. Large measures of pesticides and fertilisers are besides leached keen on the environment as of farms, for illustration. Volumes of the gaseous, liquid or difficult wastes produced by developed and other industrial procedures are besides rather released. These emanations are simply partly controlled by pollution manage methods. Number of this industrial waste is discharged into the milieus in significant measures. Consequently what is the clang of all this and to what grade is it damaging to our wellness and milieus ( Carter, 2000 ) . Boxing seems to be all over the topographic point in the western universe. Our nutrient, drink, vesture, medical specialty, trappingss, computing machines, cleaning resources, publications etc all attack packaged in some signifier. The chief intent of packaging is to support the contents from injure. The concluding bundle often incorporates several types of wrapping stuffs to guarantee so as to the merchandise can be transported with no problem. One job with packaging stuff is that it is designed to be petrified off once the goods are put into usage. Provision it is non possible to redesign the manufactured goods to extinguish the covering or to recycle the packaging, subsequently the best option is to do certain the packaging does no injury to the environment merely the once it is discarded. Most packaging is non destructive to the environment in conditions of toxicity. Though, because many common packaging stuffs do non degrade one time there are extra, there maintain on add-on to the big volume of solid waste that green goods. If packaging is able to break up quickly it were be used of course. For illustration, figure of companies are planing plastics that determinate interrupt down through the act of bugs or visible radiation into safe merchandises. The rules of green chemical science pertinent to this stuff trade by agencies of returning safe substances to the milieus. The chief job at that place take up an progressively large sum of infinite in landfills and stand for an inefficient employ of the World ‘s capital. The toxic wastes free into the environment by a assortment of industrial operations present a much better menace ( Carter, 1998 ) . The taint Inventory presently contains inside informations on big fabrication sites, with the most possible to do taint, as designated in the Environmental Protection in 1990. The fewer risky, but many procedures are synchronized by Local Authorities. Numerous other beginnings of pollution are non incorporated, such as the notable part made from conveyance. Most drugs have some version to defy biological sordidness in the organic structure and these same versions lead to perseverance in the environment when the medical specialty is excreted via piss or faucal substance. The happening of pharmaceutical micro- pollutants in assorted irrigate environments has been investigated within legion surveies for decennary. Pharmaceuticals whether veterinary had discover ways into waste workss or watercourses and land H2O as the active pharmaceutical, metabolite transmutation merchandise. Countless drugs have been found in H2O, which is a cautiousness mark to the current handling of pharmaceutica ls that lead to future fittingness and environmental jobs ( Christmann, 2001 ) . Information indicates that pharmaceutical micro pollutants are detected on parts per trillion, distant below are acute toxicant degrees. However, optimistic grounds of an endocrinal perturbation consequence on aquatic life by agencies of studies on the feminisation of gentleman fish, notably the fresh water roach, doing intersex category or growing of egg cell in the testicles, anyplace estrogens ( from HRT, preventive and endogenous homo ) are present on the degree of one portion per billion. It has been postulated as the UK takes one tierce of its H2O of rivers by agencies of these estrogens degrees have the possible to come in the imbibing supply. The consequence of changeless exposure to these low degrees of contamination on worlds garbages unknown and statements to be relevant the precautional rule have been complete as a ground for act into cut downing the attending of pharmaceuticals in the milieus ( Geffen, 2000 ) . Policy proceedings have been undertaken in legion economically advanced states, to back recycling of municipal waste. The dramatic attention deficit disorder to in the figure of recycling plans in operation is partly a intent of non-economic influences such as alterations in concerns, often trigged by elector gustatory sensations for the milieus though, there exist comparatively a little figure of economic analyses in hold for this policy stance and the implicit in rule for and the apprehension of the conchoids of dissimilar policy steps is therefore often less than entire. It stresses that an economic point of position there is nil per se benign refering recycling. Recycling policies have to, merely as a policy, to go through cost-benefit and fiscal efficiency ( Handfield, 2002 ) . Recent researches have indicated that the methods designed to diminish solid waste are idols of fiscal virtuousness. For case, of recycling attempts and policies to advance such labours tend to concentrate wholly on benign ecological impacts, while abstracting as of other of import costs to civilisation. The differences in fiscal costs across policies can therefore frequently be significant. The above supplies the implicit in rule for a closer survey on the competency of recycling policies ( Melnyk, and Calatone, 2002 ) . Pakistan ‘s power ingestion has about tripled in the old 20 old ages. From 0.6 quadrillion Btu in 1980, Pakistan ‘s amount energy usage in 1998 stood at 1.7 quads. Pakistan histories for simply 0.5 % of sum universe energy usage. In footings of per capita energy usage, Pakistan ‘s pinnacle of 12.3 million Btu in 1998 is far greater than Bangladesh ‘s ( 3.3 million Btu ) although virtually on par by agencies of India ‘s ( 12.9 million ) . In contrast, China ‘s per capita power ingestion in 1998 was 27.0 million Btu, Iran ‘s was 72.4 million Btu, and Russia ‘s was 177.3 million Btu, as U.S. per capita usage was 350.7 million Btu. Pakistan ‘s power ingestion by sector shows so as to about half ( 49 % ) is credited to residential. The fabrication sector accounted for the bulk of the remainder by agencies of 33.5 % , while conveyance made up 13.2 % and the profitable sector was accountable for 4.3 % . Energy usage by fuel type showed s o as to oil made up 43.5 % , usual gas 38.3 % , and crude oil merely 5.1 % . Pakistan ‘s attempt to raise the living rules of its citizens has destined that economic development has chiefly taken precedency over ecological issues. Unbridled employ of risky chemicals, car emanations, and industrial action has contributed to a figure of environmental and wellness jeopardies, head in the center of H2O pollution. The state suffers through a deficiency of drinkable H2O owing to industrial waste and undeveloped that contaminates imbibing water supplies a great trade. In the metropoliss, widespread employ

Theoretical Perspectives on the Family

Theoretical Perspectives on the Family †¢Way of viewing reality †¢Identify why family patterns and practices are the way they are 1)Family Ecology †¢How family is influenced by the society around it †¢Family choices/lives affected by economy, education, religion and other cultural institutions †¢Ex: Great Depression – economically, people can’t afford children even if they wanted more kids 2)Family Development †¢How family changes over time †¢Family Life Cycle: Addition/subtraction of members (death in a family, moving out) oVarious stages children go through (children start school, go to high school, then college, then marriage) oChanges in family connections with other social institutions (retirement, or getting fired) †¢Developmental Tasks must be mastered in order to transition to the next †¢Role Sequencing – major transitions to adulthood †¢Normative Order Hypothesis – work-marriage-parenthood sequence is vest for mental health and happiness )Structure Functional Theory †¢Functions performed by the family as a social institution 1)Raise child responsibly 2)Economical support 3)Emotional support †¢Roles patterned by beliefs, values, attitudes, norms – serve as essential social functions that enables society to survive 4) Interactionist Perspective †¢Interactions within family members †¢Do they communicate effectively? †¢If they don’t = doesn’t allow for unique qualities to develop †¢MAJOR CONCEPTS: oSelf-concept – feelings people have about themselves Concepts of identity – sense of uniqueness , â€Å"the self is developed initially in a family setting† oRole taking – expected behavior for each family member (associated with a social position) – Children learn appropriate behavior roles that they may play in adulthood through watching their parents, siblings assume that role – INTERNALIZED AND INCORPORATED TO SELF 5) Exchange Theory †¢Exchange of resources that affect formation, continuation, nature of a relationship †¢Rewards vs. Cost – shapes power and influence in the family and commitment to the relationship †¢Should exchange resources outside the group. If not, develops materialism (dependence) instead of independence †¢Relationships based on exchanges that are equal or equitable (fair, if not equal) thrive †¢Whereas, those in w/c the exchange balance feels consistently one sided are more likely to be unhappy †¢Principle of Least Interest – partner w/ less commitment to the relationship is the one who has more power including the power to exploit the other †¢Person who maintain dominance – people who are willing to break-up/refuse to be the first to make up ) Family Systems †¢Use family as a whole more than the sum of its parts (members) †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Everybody knows what they need to do to make this work† – weakness: no room for change †¢A family functions regularly in a certain way; emotional expression and behavior of family tend to p ersist 7) Conflict and Feminist Perspective †¢Central Issue – feminist – gender issues specific to women †¢Because woman brings attention w/ woman duties -> it conflicts -> â€Å"Doesn’t mean because I’m a woman, I should be the one cooking. †¢Woman dispels tradition – conflict happens w/in the family †¢And/or woman is not getting to do traditional duties and causes conflict (Traditional homemaker wife now is going to work) 8) Biosocial Perspective (Charles Darwin) †¢Depending how you’re raised is how you survive †¢Individual Gene – determines if family is successful †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"You’re just like your father. †

BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING - Essay Example h clients, suppliers, and other stakeholders in the businesses, and distribute their products, which led to the establishment of new business structures (Nielsen & Lund 23). Internet-based business models led to the improvement in efficiencies and the establishment of new distribution channels for many businesses such as in the banking industry. With the crashing of the tech stock in the late 90s, the perception that anything dot-com was profitable changed. Dot-com companies and indeed many businesses realized that their presence in the web was no guarantee that they were going to be profitable. As a result, businesses had to come up with new business models so as to improve their attractiveness and ensure their survival. Organizations had therefore to come up with new strategies and structures that would see them allocate resources in new ways to fulfill both short and long term business goals. Many scholars also delved into the subject of business modeling with the aim of coming up with profit-formulas for e-businesses (Nielsen & Lund 23). For example, Afuah and Tucci postulated that the profit formular revolved around production, mark-up, commission, and advertising. An organigraph is an organizational diagram that is dedicated to demonstrating how an organization works; how products, information and individuals interact within the organization (Nielsen & Lund 25). In this respect, like the organizational diagram or chart, the organigraph may present the formal organization of the business as well as its actions. While the organigraph has a set and chain like the traditional organizational chart, it also includes the hub (which serves as a centre for coordination) and the web (which presents the link between different aspects of the organization). On the other hand, the business model helps in structuring and addressing main issues that surround the business including such things as the organizational values, culture, and governance (Nielsen & Lund 24). In

What does Legacy mean to you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What does Legacy mean to you - Essay Example The loss of traditional industries has led the urban governments will benefit from this since it promotes a business climate, which in turn stimulates economic growth. Concerning economic growth, measures to strengthen security and flexibility will be put into place. The urban government has a formidable task ahead of deregulation of labor markets that they offer to firm to attract them to London city. Policy enactment is a necessity to control the urban effect that comes along with. This will bring a transformation of the urban environment with the construction of post-modern modern architecture. This architecture is no doubt a spectacle that will make London attractive to tourists and consumer spending. The conversion of the Olympic Village Polyclinic into a long-term training center for the East London community is another legacy of the Olympics. This will lead to the creation of employment opportunities for the East London community (Great Britain: National Audit Office, 14). Socially, London will have an opportunity to convey an affirmative image during the Olympics hence attract non-UK people to live as well as work for some time and even after the Olympics. The Olympics will lead to an increase of commitment to sport. The UK will benefit from social and health benefits, which will become more accessible. Investment in grass roots sport will encourage sport in the UK. Regarding the Autism Awareness Campaign the UK will achieve impressive results in encouraging people with disabilities to take part in sports (publications.parliament.uk). The 2012 Olympics will have a significant political impact. The government at the cabinet-level will be involved in planning and creating the Olympic delivery authority, which will be an oversight to ensure the games are played and continues even after 2012.The minister for the Olympics will be the overall head responsible for the Olympics games (Great Britain: National

The journey of Irish immigrants surviving Research Paper

The journey of Irish immigrants surviving - Research Paper Example It will not be incorrect to state that millions of people were migrated to America in different cities but majority came and settled in New York because it was the largest city in America. In addition, immigrants came with a hope that they will live in a free country and they had this hope that they will live in their dream America. The reason was that America was economically stable at that time and there were various opportunities to earn money. However, the local people didn’t want to work immigrants in their country and live a better life than them. It was because the local Americans were not able to accept the fact people from other country can lead them and can be better than them. The Americans disregarded Irish people and treated them as poor people2. Irish immigrants wanted to achieve the dream American life like other Americans were having in their homeland. It was the reason due to which they were working hard to get the desired life. Though, it was difficult for them but they were trying hard by focusing on the education and seeking jobs for them. However, they were unable to get their desired life because they were not accepted by the local Americans3. Thoughts above occurred me when I stepped into the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. It looks like a normal old building from the outside. I stood at the outside for a while when the guide described the museum for me. All the Irish immigrants lived in the building and the costumers of the bar on the first floor shared only three toilets. People lived here before had to carried whole baskets of water themselves from the first floor to fifth floor. The basket now was filled with the same amount of weight of stones instead to let me try how heavy the basket was before. It was really heavy, and I knew that I couldn’t even make it to the second floor. Then I got into the room, and almost

Current Issues and Critical Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Issues and Critical Assessment - Essay Example So, therefore having said all the above we see from the given article that diabetics has increased to a dramatic level in even a developed nation such as Canada. These are also illustrative of the fact that unhealthy habits such as the junk food syndrome and absence of exercising habits among many Canadians was a chief cause too. Ontario one the largest province in Canada witnessed these rise in figures which I even more stark ling but should not come as a surprise because the article itself has terms which clearly identify the fact that why Ontario saw these figures to shoot up. e.g. â€Å"sedentary† and â€Å"supersized food portion† that is to say desk bound culture and as said earlier junk food culture are the enemies of such a society. The article features some very important points as to the fact that issue relating to marketing to ethnic segments are as critical as might be targeting the market as a whole. Being a Student of human geography it is of critical importance to value diversity of human existence where it exist, so be it for marketing or whatever reasons. For instance it clearly points out that even in issues of marketing other ethnic groups which by definition constitute any group which might form a majority in their own region but form a minority where they currently reside, should be taken into consideration. This same could be applied in political, financial and many other contexts. Enough has been said about as to what can be learned about and applied to the practical environment from our course work. So basically what can be taken out these two separate articles is that any topic related to human their practices their well being, their habitats their differences are of utmost importance and each aspect of it no matter how small or how big is to be taken in to account. If we use a bit of rational in our thinking then it can be easily to comprehend that when human began to

Value Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Value Engineering - Essay Example Tremendous benefits are obtained from value engineering. Benefits are derived comes from the start of the planning, design and the actual construction. There is a great potential of verification if the budget is adequate for the developed program. Value engineering (VE) is defined as "systematic effort that is directed in the analysis of the functional requirements of procedures, systems, equipment, facilities, and supplies for the purpose of achieving the essential function at the lowest total (life cycle) cost consistent with meeting the needed performance, quality, reliability, maintainability, aesthetics, safety and fire resistance" (Kavanagh, 1978). The implementation of value engineering includes the six steps which are (1)information,(2)functional analysis, (3)creative, (4)evaluation,(5) planning/proposal and (6) implementation/follow up (Snodgrass and Kasi, 1986). In the creative step, brainstorming session is involved. Life cycle cost alternatives for the design components are considered. Value engineering and constructability are two different ways in terms of criteria discussed. However, this does not mean that they are exclusively mutual. Activities within the two processes complement each other in the achievement of their goals. This results in construction optimization, at the same time, achieving lowest life-cycle cost. For example, value engineering would recognize the increased benefit from the early implementation (O'Brian 1976). In the recent years, the use of total quality management (TQM) has spread from the manufacturing industry to construction. Organizations using TQM are adopting a management philosophy that makes quality a strategic objective for the organization.("Total Quality Management: The Competitive Edge" 1990). The successful application of TQM for contractor and owner organization in Japan, as well as some others in the U.S, and the UK, have increased in the recognition as an effective method to improve quality and productivity. Customer satisfaction and continuous improvement are the two principal objectives of TQM (Burati, 1992). In the construction industry, the parties involved in the project, including the owner, the contractor, and the designer, play the role of customer and supplier of services. The owner supplies the requirements to the designer, then the designer supplies the plans and specifications to the contactor, then the contractor supplies the finished building to the owner ( Juran, 1988). The corporate constructability program(CCP) includes the costs to start-up and maintain a corporate constructability program. The cost elements are written program procedures, computer software and hardware that contain the lessons-learned database, the constructability analysis tools and the corporate constructability coordinator (Russell and Gugel 1993). The estimated quantitative benefit for each major constructability idea may be totalled for each project and compared to the costs of constructability. This cost/benefit ratio could be a measure of the effectiveness and /or the maturity of the constructabil

Contemporary issues in HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contemporary issues in HRM - Essay Example The human resource management requires fighting for the values, ethics, culture, in their organizations, especially in case of diversified working environment which takes place due to globalisation. Fluctuations in the economy, global advancement, workforce diversity and rapidly transforming business as a result of globalisation tend to generate many new challenges for human resource management. Recruitment and management of diversified workforce and checking the availability of skilled labour is another challenge faced by the human resource management. The objective of the study is to analyse how globalisation is leading to adopt standardised human resource management (HRM). The aim is to study the extent of national differences in human resource management as explained by culture and institutions and then draw a conclusion to the study. There lies a significant relationship between globalisation and standardisation. Standardisation of the human resource practices are considered much important and are considered as one of the most critical elements at workplace in the area of globalisation. The concept of globalisation existed for the past several years, but in recent scenario introduction of various technologies has led to the acceleration of globalisation (Friedman, 2007). In order to survive in the global competitive market human resource management is considered to be necessary. The requirement of structuring human resource systems worldwide has mandated the adoption of standardised policies and practices in the global businesses. There exists a lack of awareness in the field of awareness. In discussing issues relating to standardisation in the global organizations, it becomes very obvious for the executives to exhibit lack of awareness in understanding the critical needs of standardisation. Standardisation is e valuated as the vital component in the foundation of globalisation

The article deals with the raise of a tariff on Chinese solar panels Essay Example for Free

The article deals with the raise of a tariff on Chinese solar panels Essay US commerce department brings heavy tariffs against Chinese solar panels Investigation finds China kept prices low with subsidies, but some in US warn tariff will slow adoption of solar energy The Obama administration imposed heavy tariffs on Chinese solar panels on Thursday, after finding that China is flooding the market with government subsidised products. The preliminary decision, that China had dumped solar products on the US for less than the cost of manufacture, will result in tariffs of between 31% and 250% on Chinese imports. It was seen on Thursday as a mixed blessing. US solar panel makers, who brought the original complaint, are expected to benefit. But the tariffs, by forcing up prices, are expected to slow the adoption of solar power more generally. There were also fears the move could lead to a broader US-Chinese trade war. In its decision, the US commerce department said it would impose tariffs of about 31% on about 60 Chinese solar panel exporters which participated in the investigation, including Wuxi Suntech and Trina Solar. Other manufacturers will face tariffs of just under 250%. The levies will be retroactive for 90 days. The tariffs were in addition to fees ranging from 2.9% to 4.73% imposed last March. Chinese government subsidies helped drive down the price of solar panels by 80% over the last five years, and by 40% in the last year alone. The price drops drove some US solar panel makers – such as Solyndra – to collapse. The seven US-based solar panel makers which brought the complaint said the ruling from the commerce department would help American companies hold their own against Chinese competitors. The solar panel makers were struggling against Chinese competition, and weakening demand in Europe. Todays decision is expected to have an impact on the US marketplace for Chinese manufacturers since it will begin to remove the advantage they have had as a result of their illegal trade practices, the Coalition for American Solar Panel Manufacturing said in a statement. The statement went on: However, it will not disrupt solar growth or solar installations in the United States. But that is precisely the fear of other industry analysts. The falling costs for solar panels also made solar power more competitive with other sources of energy. The US solar industry grew by 109% last year. Jigar Shah, who heads the Coalition for Affordable Solar Energy, told reporters Thursdays ruling will mean higher prices for consumers and will set back the adoption of solar. He also warned that China might retaliate against American manufacturers, sparking a trade war. Chinese officials have protested in the past at American accusations of unfair pricing and threatened to take America to the international trade court or WTO. We think its raising taxes 31% on solar cells, and we think its going to increase solar electricity prices in the US precisely at the moment that solar power is becoming competitive, Shah said. The article deals with the raise of a tariff on Chinese solar panels and their impacts on the market, as well as general tensions between the U.S. and China. A trade war is implied to be on the rise. The situation is, â€Å"that China had dumped solar products on the US for less than the cost of manufacture, will result in tariffs of between 31% and 250% on Chinese imports.†(line 5-6) . The industry in the U.S. is protected because of â€Å"’ the advantage they have had as a result of their illegal trade practices, (line 24-25) As shown in Diagram 1, price increases from P to P+t, The share of the market from domestic producers increases from Q1 to Q3, shown by revenue g to a+b+c+g+h and the imported share decreases from Q2Q3 to Q3Q4 shown by a revenue decrease from h+i+j+k to i+j. US Government revenue of this tariff is d+e and there is a dead-weight loss of welfare, as consumer surplus f is lost. World efficiency decreases by c, due to less efficient competitors producing a greater share of the Quantity supplied to the market, which is a misallocation of resources, hence undesirable. Winners of this are clearly the domestic producers, as their revenue increases hugely; the losers are Chinese solar panel producers, which have less share of the revenue. This can cause structural unemployment in China. But not only China loses out, also domestic consumers have less choice and the price rises to P+t, so that this might cause inflation. But this measure is effective to prevent the dumping, as â€Å"China is flooding the market with government subsidized† (line 4) Solar Panels. Also losers of the tariff could be U.S. energy producers, which are reliant on solar panels, so that this is a major threat to environmental sustainability, because efficiency of solar power is driven down, thus substitutes become more attractive and PED gets more elastic. As it were â€Å"the falling costs for solar panels† (line 28) made the solar panels more attractive to the industry and now the tariff leads to â€Å"higher prices for consumers† (line 32). Seeing the advantages for the U.S. producers, they appreciate the tariff, because the heavily subsidized Chinese solar panel economy otherwise would drive them out of business in the longrun, shown by Diagram 2. The Chinese producers gain market-share as S (domestic) shifts to S(domestic+subsidy), illustrated by the increase in area from a to a+b+e+f+g . The foreign market share falls from b+c+d to c+d. The occurring inefficiency through the subsidization is g, as this is the difference between S(world) and S(domestic) also here, there is structural unemployment in foreign supplier’s countries and consumers are affected by taxes, as they fund the subsidies. Therefore as a consequence the taxes might rise. This might lead to increased transport and therefore constraints to environmental sustainability as well. Seeing both governments â€Å"working† against each other with protectionist measurements is not only harmful to the world as an economy, but also to the domestic economies of both countries. Although they could simply shift their labour in the U.S., if the restriction of labour mobility is non-existent and therefore structural unemployment would only be a short run factor, both spend their resources on this trade war, which is simply inefficiency and a misallocation of resources, hence a big threat to sustainability, because this trade war could in several years not only be about solar panels but a whole range of products, which affects a great number of people, seeing that the U.S. and China are the two biggest economies. This trade war is further reinforced by China wanting â€Å"to take America to the international trade court or WTO† (line 35). So rather than producing what both countries have comparative advantages in, the U.S. commerce department tries to save a â€Å"sunset† industry, as the demand in Europe declines and Chinese competitors produce at prices lower than the manufacturing cost. Concluding, both governments work against with counter-veiling protectionist measures, which must be critically evaluated as they slow down the economy. Although the U.S. can save more market share for them by using the measures, a lot of efficiency is lost and the resources could be allocated into sectors with comparative advantage, hence a problem of economic structure, as inefficient producers should close down. More importantly it is a threat to environmental sustainability, as it hinders the adoption of â€Å"green energy† with higher prices,â€Å"precisely at the moment that solar power is becoming competitive,. (line 37-38).

Side Effects of Chemical Based Beauty Products

Side Effects of Chemical Based Beauty Products A growing concern over side effects of chemical-based products for enhancing ones’ beauty has resulted in the consumers’ shift to ayurvedic beauty products. Many companies have entered the beauty segment with branded products in categories such as skin care, hair care, soaps and essential oils. India is capturing the mainstream cosmetics industry and capitalizing on Ayurveda. Itincludes various high end brands creating makeup shades (based on the country’s bright colors) to skin- and hair-care segments. Indian herbs and Ayurveda products are being sourced and tested for use in the cosmetics industry and beauty parlours. Ayurvedic natural cosmetics business of India is growing at the rate of 15-20% per year- much higher than India’s overall cosmetics business that has a growth rate of 7-8%. Yoga is a mind and body practice with historical origins in ancient Indian philosophy. Various styles of yoga typically combine physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation or relaxation.Practicing yoga might improve quality of life; reduce stress and hence improve overall physical fitness and appearance. Naturopathy includes a range of therapies based on exposure to natural elements such as sunshine, fresh air, heat, or cold, nutrition. The treatment modalities include nutrition and dietary changes (eating more whole and unprocessed foods) and use of vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, herbal medicines. Hydrotherapy, physical medicine (therapeutic massage and joint manipulation), exercise therapy and lifestyle counseling are other aspects of naturopathy Unani and Sidha are traditional Indian medicinal systems and chiefly use herbal remedies, dietary and lifestyle modifications. There are few indexed studies demonstrating efficacy of polyherbal Unani formulations in acne vulgaris. Homeopathy was developed by Samuel Hahnemann, a German physician. It is based on the law of similars and the law of infinitesimals. The first doctrine is simili similibus curenti that is the symptoms caused by a drug in healthy person, will cure similar symptoms. The second doctrine is that the appropriate drug has to be given in high dilutions, and that the higher the dilution, the greater the effect; and is termed as potentiation. Modern physics and chemistry have shown that some of the dilutions used in homeopathy may be so high that no molecule of the original substance will remain in the preparation. However, the â€Å"essence† of the original substance is considered to remain in the preparation and a â€Å"memory of water† has been postulated. Homeopathic remedies include substances derived from plants, minerals, or animals. Examples are red onion, arnica (mountain herb), crushed whole bees, white arsenic, poison ivy, belladonna and stinging nettle. The remedies are formulated as sugar pellets to be placed under the tongue; other forms, such as ointments, gels, drops, creams, and tablets are also available. Homeopaths generally begin with detailed examinations of their patients histories, including questions regarding their physical, mental and emotional states, their life circumstances and any physical or emotional illnesses. The homeopath then attempts to translate this information into a complex formula of mental and physical symptoms, including likes, dislikes, innate predispositions and even body type. There is no specific drug for disease as in case of modern medicine but collective understanding of patient’s symptom complex and the selection of drug from material medica. There are various â€Å"miASMS’ envisaged and understanding them and, the defect in constitution ultimately leads to the selection of remedy. Themiasms are as follows Psoric, sycotic, syphilitic and tubercular. The homeopathy practitioner chooses how to treat the patient based on the inner physical and mental stress, personality, the symptoms, miasms, individual constitution, personal and family hi story. Homeopathy is being used in various dermatological diseases including infections such as warts, abscesses; chronic conditions such as acne, psoriasis, rosacea, various forms of eczema, etc. Though homeopathy claims to be beneficial in a variety of chronic cutaneous diseases, a review of various trials of homeopathic treatment did not find evidence for any single dermatological condition. The outcome of a therapeutic measure may be due to a placebo effect, the medical intervention or by the natural course of the disease resulting in recovery by the patient. In cosmetic dermatology, homeopathy attempts to alter the patients’ mindset towards changes in beauty and appearance and its perception. In any disfigurement perceived, the cosmetic enhancement needed will be balanced by homeopathic principle of correcting mental and physical disturbances and correcting the miasms which are responsible for various cosmetic problems such as pigmentation, acne, aging, hair loss or exce ss body hair. Homeopathy may be considered as an effective method of communication and counseling for various chronic diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners use herbal medicines and various mind and body practices (tai chi and qi gong), and acupuncture. The fundamental treatment techniques in acupuncture are either needling, heat, moxibustion, suction or cupping, and pressure (acupressure). Acupuncture techniques have been used in various dermatological conditions including acne and melasma. Its use in cosmetology is now gaining popularity.Facial cosmetic acupuncture is applied to the head, face, and neck and showed improvement in facial elasticity in a pilot study. Aromatherapy is a subset of the  biological  or nature-based  therapies. It consists of therapeutic use of volatile, aromatic essential oils extracted from plants. It has similarities to other forms of herbal medicines; the major difference between them is that, in the former, essential oils are extra cted from parts of the plant, whereas the whole plant is used in herbal medicines. Aromatic forms of medicine have been used traditionally for spiritual, medicinal, social, and beauty purposes. The effects of aromatherapy are believed to result from the binding of chemical components in the essential oil to receptors in the olfactory bulb, impacting the brain’s emotional center, the limbic system. Topical application of aromatic oils may exert antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. The essential oils are usually diluted in carrier oils. The essential oils may be extracted from different part of plants such as the leaves (eucalyptus, peppermint), flowers (lavender, rose), twigs (juniper), wood (sandalwood), roots (vetivert, calamus), sap (benzoin, frankincense), and grasses (palmarosa grass, lemongrass). The major chemical components of essential oils include terpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and oxides. Oils high in ketones are known for their wound-healing properties, such as Helichrysmitalicum (everlasting flower) whereas oils high in alcohols are renowned for their antimicrobial and anti-infectious properties (e.g., Melaleucaalternifolia terpinen-4-ol, tea tree). Two lavenders, Lavandula angustifoliaand Lavandula latifolia are high in alcohols, terpenes, and oxides and are noted for their effects in the rapid healing of burns, without scarring or infections. The carrier oils, such as avocado oil, wheat germ oil, sweet almond oil, evening primrose oil, and coconut oil, also have some pharmac ologic activities. The oils may be applied externally in the following ways: therapeutic massage, mixed with a plain vegetable oil, via a compress , as a topical wound dressing, mixed in a gel or paste , as a spray , in a bath , or as an inhalation therapy. Essential oil may be ingredient of gargles and mouthwashes. The internal use of essential oils is very rare. The cosmetic and perfume industry are the largest users of essential oils. Although high-quality evidence of effectiveness and safety for aromatherapy in the cosmetic dermatology field is lacking, few studies are now being reported. Plant-derived essential oils may be a biologically plausible treatment for acne and is being researched. Lavender aromatherapy’s potential to ease anxiety in patients undergoing minimally invasive facial cosmetic procedures has been demonstrated. Positive biologic effect on hair loss and hair regrowth of a pulsed electromagnetic field in combination with essential oils in cases of androg enic alopecia has been demonstrated. Skin appearance affects the self-image via the central nervous system, whereas autonomic, psychoneuro-immunologic, and behavioral factors interact to affect the skin appearance. Psychological counseling and various techniques such as meditation, relaxation, hypnosis, biofeedback and other methods of stress management benefit cosmetic problems such as hair loss, rosacea, aging signs and acne. These techniques also help to reduce anxiety, needle phobia, and pain during various cosmetic and dermatosurgical procedures. The medical spa concept is new and gradually capturing the beauty and wellness market in India. In a medical or dermatology spa (spa environment within a cosmetic set up), the clients avail of treatments and services which have medicinal value and long lasting aesthetic benefits. It can be considered as a blend of medical and aesthetic services offered at a one stop shopping environment. CAM practices such as nutrition/ dietary supplem ents, massage therapy, aromatherapy are employed for skin rejuvenation and integrated within a cosmetic dermatology set up. Though CAM methods are considered safe and free from side- effects, these can cause adverse reactions. As there are no molecular targets available for most of the traditional medicine, it is difficult to assure their safety. The alternate or traditional medicines may contain heavy metals, toxins, allergens which can cause damage to the skin and/or internal organs.Oral herbal medications may be adulterated with steroids, heavy metals, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, diuretics, etc. Chinese herbal creams may be adulterated with corticosteroids. Allergic contact dermatitis and photosensitization are common. Both type I and Type IV hypersensitivity reactions have been documented with Ayurvedic oil (Dhanwantaratailam) application. Hepatotoxicity may be seen with commonly used herbal products, such as Ayurvedic and Chinese herbs, green tea, etc. There is a high use of CAM among cosmetic surgery patients along with increasing reports of hematomas associated with herbal and homeopathic medicines. The most common adverse effects with homeopathy were allergic reactions and intoxications. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and iron which are used in homeopathy can be toxic. Rhus toxidendron was a frequent cause of adverse reactions. Essential oils used in aromatherapy may be toxic if used inappropriately in the hands of unqualified personnel. Potential hazards from essential oils exist due to their chemical constituents. High proportions of aldehydes and phenols can cause irritant dermatitis; ketones can cause neurotoxicity; potentially carcinogenic components include safrole in sas safras oil or beta-asarone in calamus oil. Phototoxicity, allergic contact dermatitis and airborne contact dermatitis have been reported with aromatherapy. Adulteration in oils can cause dermocaustic reactions, neurotoxicity or have an abortive potential. In the field of CAM, it is difficult for science to catch up to practice due to the lack of funding for appropriate studies. In contrast, it also becomes difficult for practice to catch up to science as new information is discovered. It is also difficult to conduct randomized control trials to demonstrate the efficacy since most CAM therapies are individualized. However, qualitative research is gaining momentum in the field of CAM. The scientific evidence for a CAM product or practice (with respect to safety and efficacy) can be accessed by the literature reviews published in last 5 years in the form of systematic reviews or meta-analysis or randomized controlled trials; and has been made accessible by NCCAM. The Department of Heal th Research, Government of India has also developed a policy for studies on Ayurveda and other traditional medicines. CAM methods are commonly used in our population. Herbal medicines and natural products are an integral part of CAM and the use of botanicals, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals are an integral part of cosmetic dermatology practice. Thus a cosmetic dermatologist can be inclined to incorporate CAM in clinical practice to address the patient care needs. However, he/she should have a proper knowledge and experience with specific CAM treatments. In addition, further research into the efficacy, benefits, and risks of CAM methods should be undertaken for a better insight. CAM methods are popular and are commonly used by aesthetic patients to enhance their skin health, beauty and youth. Hence a cosmetic dermatologist needs to be aware of the various CAM practices.The major traditional Indian healthcare system includes AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and H omoeopathy).

Bridget Jones Diary Analysis

Bridget Jones Diary Analysis Bridget Jones is a single woman who tries to find herself a nice man, because she doesnt want to stay single for the rest of her life. Write a summary in your own words of about 400-600 words. The story is about Bridget Jones. The book describes a year of the live of Bridget Jones. Bridget is a woman around her thirties without a husband. Many times she has tried to loose weight and to quit smoking, but she never succeeds. She is still single but she tries to change that. Bridget is a quite common woman, only maybe a little bit clumsier. When Bridget and her parents go to a new years buffet from friends of her parents she meets Mark Darcey. Their parents introduced them but they dont like each other. One day her boss sends her a flirting email and they and up in bed with each other. Bridget is convinced that he is the one she is going to spend the rest of her life with. Meanwhile Bridgets mother has left her father and has a new boyfriend. And she has less contact with her boss. At another party she meets Mark again but they still dont like each other. Love Bridget is a woman around her thirties and she doesnt have a husband. Bridget works at a publishing house. She is afraid that shell stay single the rest of her life. She is a little bit overweight and obsessed about her weight, and she smokes a lot. Sometimes she does strange and embarrassing things. Describe two minor characters. Daniel Cleaver is Bridgets boss. Bridget has a little crush on him. He is a very charming man. Mark Darcey is a lawyer, his parents are rich people. Their mothers introduced them to each other, they want them to be a couple. At first she thinks hes just a dull bloke. But after a while she starts to like him. Describe the place(s) where the story is set in detail. When does the story take place? (How do you know? What is the length of time of the story? Is the story told chronologically? Does the author use flashbacks? Explain in detail!) The length of time of the story is one year. There arent any flashbacks in the in the book, so the story is told in chronological order The person who tells the story is Bridget because its her diary you are reading. The book is told from the point of view of Bridget. Its written in the I-perspective. The title of the book is: Bridget Jones diary. That is because youre reading her diary. You read everything she wrights down. Is the book just meant as a story or is the author trying to bring across a message? If so: why? If not: why not? Leesbeleving en evaluatie What is your opinion about the book? I really liked the book because it is really realistic. Bridget is really funny because she gets herself in really idiotic situations. The whole book is really funny to read, sometimes it even made me laugh out load. Would you recommend the book to your classmates? I would recommend the book, but its more a book for the girls. Because the can picture themselves as her. And its a funny book to read. I dont really think boys would like this book. Which part did you like best or was most important in the development of the story? Quote (citeer) a passage or sentence from the book which you found most impressive or touching. Saturday, April 25 9st 1oz (excellent); alcohol units: 4; cigarettes: 24 (entirely understandable). 8am: Gaah! Gaaaah! Doorbell!. 8.05am: Was Magdas builder, Gary. Forgot he was coming round to put shelves up. Ah! Super! Hello! Could you come back in 10 minutes. Im just in the middle of something, I trilled, then doubled up, cringing in nighty. What would I be in the middle of? Sex? Making a vase on a potters wheel which absolutely couldnt be left in case it dried funny? Still had wet hair when doorbell rang again. Felt surge of middle-class guilt as Gary smirked at decadence of those who loll idly in bed while a whole different world of genuine hardworking folk have been up for so long is practically time for their lunch. Would you care for some tea or coffee? I said graciously. Yeah. Cup of tea. Four sugars, but dont stir it. I looked at him for a moment, wondering if this was a joke or a bit like smoking cigarettes but not inhaling. Right, I said, right, and started making the tea, at which Gary sat down at kitchen table and lit up a fag.

Very Short Wedding Toasts :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Very Short Wedding Toasts The Light that Shines There is a light that shines beyond the heavens; this is the light that shines in your heart when you are in love. "May you have warmth in your igloo, oil in your lamp and peace in your heart!" ~Eskimo Proverb The Days of your Life May you live all the days of your life. — Jonathan Swift From this Day Forward May the face of every good news, And the back of every bad news, Be toward you, From this day forward. No Sorrow May the goblets of life hold no dregs of sorrow. Happy Endings I love weddings. They are where strange tales begin and happy endings are possible. Your Grandchildren’s Hair May I see you grey And combing your grandchildren’s hair. Your Right Hand May your right hand always Be stretched out in friendship And never in want. Luck Always remember, if you’re enough lucky to be married to _______, then you’re lucky enough! Misfortune May misfortune follow you the rest of your life, but never catch up. Mountain Girl Marry a mountain girl and you marry the whole mountain. The Bannister of Life As you and your wife slide down the bannister of life, May the splinters never point the wrong way. Your Laugh May your laugh, your love and your wine be plenty, thus your happiness will be nothing less. Your Enemies, Enemies. May God bless and keep in good health your enemies, enemies.

Trouble With Chechnya Essay -- essays research papers fc

On September 1, 2004, the world was shocked and horrified by the terrorist attack of Chechen rebels on a Middle school in the Russian town of Beslan. Nearly 1,200 children, teachers, and parents were taken hostage on the first day of school, and held captive for 53 hours. In the aftermath of the explosions and gunfire, over 360 people were killed, and hundreds more were left injured (Kaplan, 2004). The siege of the school was the latest of a dozen bloody attacks – on targets such as airliners, trains, government buildings, hospitals, and a movie theatre - that have claimed nearly 1,000 lives in Russia over the past two years, and yet another chilling reminder of the festering tensions between Russia and Chechnya (Kaplan, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of the conflict between Chechnya and Russia is a result of many factors; a tumultuous history between the two neighbours, Islamic fundamentalism, terrorism, Russia’s attempts to dominate the Caucacus regions, oil exploitation, human rights, and international attitudes. The following discussion aims to explain the background and reasons for the perpetuation of the trouble in Chechnya, and explore the reasons for Russia’s military intervention in the region. As well, the discussion will attempt to forecast what the future may hold for Chechnya, and Russia’s relations with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Chechens are an ethnically distinct, traditionally clan-based group with a long history of resisting Russian expansion in the Northern Caucasus† (Yasin, 2002). The hostility existing between the Chechen people and Russia, however, predates both the Russian republic and the Soviet Union, going back to the late 18th Century, when Russia’s drive to the South, initiated by Peter the Great in 1722, â€Å"led to the incorporation first of the Transcaucasus and only later of the rebellious North Caucasus† (Cornell, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forced relocations of the Chechens and other peoples have been undertaken at several points in history by the Russian rulers. The deportation of the Chechen, Ingush, Karachai, and Balker peoples took place in three waves between November 1943 and February 1944, during World War II. â€Å"The ‘pacification’ was to be final†¦and the nationalities involved were struck out of all Soviet official documents† (Lieven, 1998, p. 319). This deportation to Central Asi... ..., C. (2002, October 14). Is Putin Looking to Expand the Chechnya War?.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newsweek, 6. Cornell, Svante E. (1999). International Reactions to Massive Human Rights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violations: The Case of Chechnya. Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 85-100. Gall, C., & de Waal, T. (1997). Chechnya: A Small Victorious War. London:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macmillan. Kaplan, David E. (2004, September 20). Tangled Roots of an Atrocity. U.S. News   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and World Report, 137. 28. Lieven, Anatol. (1998). Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power. New Haven:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yale University Press. MacKinnon, Mark. (2004, September 25). Shoot First and Ask Questions Later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globe & Mail, p. A1. Politkovskaya, A. (2001). A Dirty War. London: Harvill Press. Russia & Chechnya. (2004, August 28). The Economist, 372, p13. Watson, William. (1998). The Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Westport: Greenwood Press. Yasin, Tariq. (2002). Chechen Chagrin: Human Rights in Chechnya. Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International Review, 24, 6-8.